Name
The
word Ayurveda is a compound word. Ayurveda comprises of two words Ayush and
Veda. The word Ayush means life, whereas Veda means Knowledge.
Ayurveda
is a part of Atharvaveda. Atharvaveda once again comprises of two
words—atharvāṇas and Veda. Atharvanas means procedures for everyday life. Thus,
Atharvaveda means the knowledge of procedures for everyday life.
Myth
The
mythical origins of Ayurveda reveal that originally Vedic knowledge was
transferred from the Gods to the sages (they were also the early physicians).
In fact, according to Sushruta (the original composer of Sushruta Samhita),
Dhanvantari (the physician of the Gods) was born as an avatar in the form of
the king of Varanasi. He originally taught medicine (Ayurveda) to Sushruta and
his fellow physicians.
Origin
As we
have mentioned earlier that Ayurveda is recognized as Upveda (regarded as
supplementary to Vedas); thus, it originated in the Vedic era. A rough
estimation of that period would be around 5000 years ago. Though it is widely
accepted that Ayurveda is a part of Atharvaveda; however, even Rigveda (the
earliest Veda) also mentions various diseases, symptoms, medicinal plants, and
cures. We have to keep in mind that Veda's were created even prior to
scriptures came into existence. In fact, most of it was passed from one
generation to the next via oral traditions.
Apparently,
Ayurveda or as a matter of fact, all Vedas appear to be a cross between
practical know-how and religious literature. From our modern point of view, it
might sound a bit strange, but we have to keep the perspective of the primitive
people, from the earliest of human civilizations. Even in the modern era, we
are concerned about our health and still fear death. So, these ancient people
started recording available resources and solutions. People generally pray when
they feel helpless; thus, the religious portions were added. Coincidentally, we
still have some tribes who still follow the ways of their ancestors. It can be
noted that people following these indigenous ways know a lot about medicinal
plants that city dwellers like us are ignorant of. It can also be noted that
they too mostly remember these life-saving properties of medicinal plants. This
trait is even common among other mammals, such as elephants and monkeys, who
also use some medicinal herbs, in their own ways. Guess, the instinct to
survive is strong in all living beings.
Branches
There
are mainly two branches of Ayurveda; they originate from Charaka Samhita
(Charaka's Compendium) and Sushruta Samhita. According to the ancient
literature, Charaka Samhita was propagated and popularized by Atreya (a
descendant of Atri, a great Hindu sage), and Sushruta Samhita was propagated by
Dhanvantari and his disciple Sushruta. The main distinction between the two
schools of thought is that while Charaka Samhita focuses on medicines and
immunity, Sushruta Samhita mainly consists of surgical procedures and
techniques. Thus, both schools of thought actually complement each other.
Many of
the earliest followers of these practices went on to create their own treaties.
Bhela Samhita created by the disciple Bhela of Charaka Samhita is acknowledged
as authentic. However, some other treatises, like Harita Samhita, are not
beyond doubt.
Peak
Ayurveda
flourished through the middle ages (between 1200-1500 AD). It reached its
zenith during the Gupta empire in India; there were even hospitals with proper
equipment for the Ayurvedic treatment of patients during this period. Ayurveda
was translated into multiple languages like Chinese, Persian, and Arabic,
between the 5th to 8th centuries.
Decline
The
Brahmanical (priestly) tradition in the Indian subcontinent of transferring
knowledge to a selected few based on caste and creed seriously hampered
Ayurveda's chances to reach out to the masses. Foreign invasions in India was
also one of the reasons that a lot of important Ayurvedic treaties were forever
lost. Ayurveda further stagnated during the British rule in India. The British
naturally preferred their version i.e. allopathy (the conventional medical
practice) over Ayurveda; hence, it was mostly ignored by them.
Modern Era
Over
the years, Ayurveda has evolved. It is once again becoming popular in the
Indian subcontinent. The Indian government is promoting it in India. Patanjali
by Baba Ramdev also deserves credit to make Ayurveda and yoga relevant and
popular among Indians. More than 75% of the population in Nepal is dependent on
Ayurveda for their well-being. Since 1980, Ayurveda is undergoing a revival in
Sri Lanka. Currently, there are about 20,000 registered Ayurvedic physicians in
Sri Lanka. Nowadays, Ayurvedic physicians also use modern equipment, like the
stethoscope, to check their patients.
Apart
from the Indian subcontinent, Ayurveda has also gained popularity all over the
world, courtesy of its association with yoga, which is the new craze among
millennials and subsequent generations of women.
In the evermore conscious
generations, who are wary of side-effects of allopathy treatment, Ayurveda is
bound to find its place, mostly as a complementary system to modern medical
practices.